adrenal

*pay attention to the arteries

Adrenal gland -> renal refers to kidney


cut in half
capsule, cortex, medulla

neuroendocine system

adrenal medullary hormones
&The adrenal medulla makes the catecholamine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.
cortex produces 3 seperate zones

mineralocorticoids aldosterone

Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water balance.


The name mineralocorticoid derives from early observations that these hormones were involved in the retention of sodium, a mineral. The primary endogenous mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, although a number of other endogenous hormones (including progesterone and deoxycorticosterone) have mineralocorticoid function.

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to provide active reabsorption of sodium and an associated passive reabsorption of water, as well as the active secretion of potassium in the principal cells of the cortical collecting tubule and active secretion of protons via proton ATPases in the lumenal membrane of the intercalated cells of the collecting tubule. This in turn results in an increase of blood pressure and blood volume.

Aldosterone is produced in the cortex of the adrenal gland and its secretion is mediated principally by angiotensin II, but also by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and local potassium levels.


adrenal adnomas (tend not to be malignant)
benign growth of tissue in the adrenal cortex and you can get Hyperaldosteronism
-> hypertention

glucocordicoids(cortisol) hydrocortisone

This drug depresses immune system
ex) allergy

gluconeogenesis
->production of new glucoes

Addison's disease
Cushing's syndrome
Pheocromocytoma(tumor)
->Paroxysmal hypertension -> paroxysmal comes in bursts
androgen


**Epinepherine(Adrenaline)
as a hormone, it will circulate in the blood and directly stimulate an organ.
as a neurotransmitter, it has to go across the synaps and just stimulate the other side.
Epinephrine, of course, is well known as an actual neurotransmitter in the CNS. But more importantly, it appears to be a material for which nearly every cell in the body has receptors. Sometimes called the "fight or flight" hormone, it's released from the adrenal medulla under conditions of stress as a "wake up call" to the rest of the body that something important is about to happen (like perhaps getting killed). Its systemic and metabolic effects include decreased peristalsis in the gut, dilation of the pupils, increased heart rate and cardiac output, release of glucose from the liver, and so forth: all measures taken to put the animal in a condition to fight or flee. As one text casually notes, "Animals that have had their adrenal [medulla] removed can survive, but they are unable to respond adequately to emergencies."


Nonepinephrine
The second hormone produced in the adrenal medulla, norepinephrine, has as its main function the increase of blood pressure due to vasoconstriction in the peripheral blood vessels. It too is produced in response to direct nervous stimulation. Both of these catecholamines are released via a mechanism of exocytosis, and both leave the adrenal gland in the venous outflow.




cool website: http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/VM8054HP.htm