Exocrine glands (exo -> out) (crine -> secrete)
These are the glands that secrete their products into ducts.
*sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas.

Endocrine glands
They secrete within the body, their products (hormones) directly into the spaces that surround the cells and eventually are picked up by bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands
Organs that are wholly endocrine in function
*pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroids, the adrenal, pineal gland -> these have no other function at all.
The organs that have other functions as well as the endocrine function. (compound glands or organs)
*pancreas (+digestive function), liver, ovary, stomach, hypothalamus, small intestine, kidney, the testes, the placenta

Functions are controlled by the nerve system or the endocrine system.
Both systems coordinate fuctions of other body systems in general. And they are interlocked.

The endocrine system releases the chemical messengers which are called hormones (hormone = urgy on). Hormones act upon other organs/parts of the body.

Hormones regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism. (contrast with the nervous system)
*Down regulation
When the target cell has up to 100 thousand receptors. (millions of receptors of different kinds on every cell, if you get excessive hormone secreted over a period of time, the cell will decrease its number of receptors) to prevent overstimulation
*Up regulation
upregulates the number and its sensitivity of the receptors if you have a very low number of hormone circulating

*paracrine(nearby) cell -> the hormone goes into the tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)


*autocrine -> sending the signal to itself. (frequently associated with cancer, cancers don't take orders from far away/neighbouring organs) Cancers are autonomous. If the cancer cell wants to grow, it will signal itself to grow and ignore everybody else.

I like really this signalling.


Pituitary gland(hypophysis)
Anterior pituitary - Adenohypothysis(comprises about 75% of the gland), it connects with the hypothalamus through a portal capillary blood system. It evolved from the mouth

Posterior pituitary(neurohypothysis) came down from brain.

Hormones that come down from hypothalamus to get to the pituitary are called releasing hormones. -> tells the pituitary to release something that's going to either inhibit or stimulate something somewhere in the body.

Anterior pituitary hormones are controlled by negative feedback method. (from the brain, target organ)
It will go back and turn off the anterior pituitary (negative feedback loop)

EX)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (from brain)
-> Thyroid in the neck -> Release the thyroid hormone -> organ (up)regulation -> some of the hormone will go back to the brain -> turns off the stimulation


TSH -> upregulate metabolism
FSH
LS -> estrogen, progesteron
PL
ACTH - adrenocorticotrophic hormone
MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone
HGH - Somatotropin
antidiuretic hormone(vasopressin) -> it makes the kidney keep water
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion (hillarious!) by directly affecting neurohypothysis
Headache from hungover is due to the dehydration

** Pathology
Hypersecrete<->Hyposecrete

Pituitary Dwarfism (low level of HGH during the growing year -> growth plate closes)
Pituitary Giantism
Acromegaly



Good grief, I'm so fucking tired.